Anthropogenic carbon nanotubes, with a fibrous structure and physical properties similar to asbestos, have recently been found within human lung tissues. However, the reported carbon-nanotube-elicited pulmonary pathologies have been mostly confined to inflammatory or neoplastic lesions in the lungs or adjacent tissues. In the present study, we demonstrate that a single pulmonary exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes dramatically enhances angiogenesis and the invasiveness of orthotopically implanted mammary carcinoma, leading to metastasis and rapid colonization of the lungs and other organs. Exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes stimulates local and systemic inflammation, contributing to the formation of pre-metastatic and metastatic niches. Our study suggests that nanoscale-material-elicited pulmonary lesions may exert complex and extended influences on tumour progression. Given the increasing presence of carbon nanotubes in the environment, this report emphasizes the urgent need to escalate efforts assessing the long-term risks of airborne nanomaterial exposure in non-lung cancer progression.