Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have received considerable attention as therapeutic targets for cancer immunotherapy owing to their ability to convert immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments towards a more T-cell inflamed phenotype. However, TLRs differ in their cell expression profiles and intracellular signaling pathways, raising the possibility that distinct TLRs differentially influence the tumor immune microenvironment. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we address this by comparing the tumor immune composition of B16F10 melanoma following treatment with agonists of TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9. Marked differences are observed between treatments, including decreased tumor-associated macrophages upon TLR7 agonist treatment. A biased type-1 interferon signature is elicited upon TLR3 agonist treatment as opposed to a type-2 interferon signature with TLR9 agonists. TLR3 stimulation was associated with increased macrophage antigen presentation gene expression and decreased expression of PD-L1 and the inhibitory receptors Pirb and Pilra on infiltrating monocytes. Furthermore, in contrast to TLR7 and TLR9 agonists, TLR3 stimulation ablated FoxP3 positive CD4 T cells and elicited a distinct CD8 T cell activation phenotype highlighting the potential for distinct synergies between TLR agonists and combination therapy agents.
Keywords:IFN - interferon; TLR - toll-like receptor; TLR3 agonist; TLR7 agonist; TLR9 agonist; scRNA-Seq; tumor.