Intranasal vaccines that elicit mucosal immunity are deemed effective against respiratory tract infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but their ability to induce humoral immunity characterized by immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG production is low. It has been reported that vaccination with a mixture of a viscous base carboxyvinyl polymer (CVP) and viral antigens induced robust systemic and mucosal immune responses. In this study, we analyzed the behavior of immunocompetent cells in the nasal cavity over time by spatial transcriptome profiling induced immediately after antigen vaccination using CVP. We established a method for performing spatial transcriptomics using the Visium system in the mouse nasal cavity and analyzed gene expression profiles within the nasal cavity after intranasal vaccination. Glycoprotein 2 (Gp2)-, SRY-box transcription factor 8 (Sox8)-, or Spi-B transcription factor (Spib)-expressing cells were increased in the nasal passage (NP) region at 3-6 hr after SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and CVP (S-CVP) vaccination. The results suggested that microfold (M) cells are activated within a short period of time (3-6 hr). Subsequent cluster analysis of cells in the nasal cavity showed an increase in Cluster 9 at 3-6 hr after intranasal vaccination with the S-CVP. We found that Il6 in Cluster 9 had the highest log2 fold values within the NP at 3-6 hr. A search for gene expression patterns similar to that of Il6 revealed that the log2 fold values of Edn2, Ccl20, and Hk2 also increased in the nasal cavity after 3-6 hr. The results showed that the early response of immune cells occurred immediately after intranasal vaccination. In this study, we identified changes in gene expression that contribute to the activation of M cells and immunocompetent cells after intranasal vaccination of mice with antigen-CVP using a time-series analysis of spatial transcriptomics data. The results facilitated the identification of the cell types that are activated during the initial induction of nasal mucosal immunity.
Keywords:Visium; carboxyvinyl polymer (CVP); intranasal vaccine; microfold (M) cell; nasal passage (NP); spatial transcriptomics.

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乐备实（上海优宁维生物科技股份有限公司旗下全资子公司），是国内专注于提供高质量蛋白检测以及组学分析服务的实验服务专家，自2018年成立以来，乐备实不断寻求突破，公司的服务技术平台已扩展到单细胞测序、空间多组学、流式检测、超敏电化学发光、Luminex多因子检测、抗体芯片、PCR Array、ELISA、Elispot、PLA蛋白互作、多色免疫组化、DSP空间多组学等30多个，建立起了一套涵盖基因、蛋白、细胞以及组织水平实验的完整检测体系。

 
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