TGFβ is a pleiotropic cytokine that may have both tumor inhibiting and tumor promoting properties, depending on tissue and cellular context. Emerging data support a role for TGFβ in suppression of antitumor immunity. Here we show that SAR439459, a pan-TGFβ neutralizing antibody, inhibits all active isoforms of human and murine TGFβ, blocks TGFβ-mediated pSMAD signaling, and TGFβ-mediated suppression of T cells and NK cells. In vitro, SAR439459 synergized with anti-PD1 to enhance T cell responsiveness. In syngeneic tumor models, SAR439459 treatment impaired tumor growth, while the combination of SAR439459 with anti-PD-1 resulted in complete tumor regression and a prolonged antitumor immunity. Mechanistically, we found that TGFβ inhibition with PD-1 blockade augmented intratumoral CD8+ T cell proliferation, reduced exhaustion, evoked proinflammatory cytokines, and promoted tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Together, these data support the hypothesis that TGFβ neutralization using SAR439459 synergizes with PD-1 blockade to promote antitumor immunity and formed the basis for the ongoing clinical investigation of SAR439459 in patients with cancer (NCT03192345).
Keywords:PD1 blockade; T cell response; TGFβ; Tumor microenvironment; combination immunotherapy.