Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a main treatment for prostate cancer (PCa) but the disease often recurs and becomes castration-resistant in nearly all patients. Recent data implicate the involvement of immune cells in the development of this castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In particular, T cells have been found to be expanded in both PCa patients and mouse models shortly after androgen deprivation. However, whether or which of the T cell subtypes play an important role during the development of CRPC is unknown. Here we identified a novel population of CD4lowHLA-G+ T cells that undergo significant expansion in PCa patients after ADT. In mouse PCa models, a similar CD4low T cell population expands during the early stages of CRPC onset. These cells are identified as IL-4-expressing TH17 cells, and are shown to be associated with CRPC onset in patients and essential for the development of CRPC in mouse models. Mechanistically, CD4lowHLA-G+ T cells drive androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells by modulating the activity and migration of CD11blowF4/80hi macrophages. Furthermore, following androgen deprivation, elevated PGE2-EP2 signaling inhibited the expression of CD4 in thymocytes, and subsequently induced the polarization of CD4low naïve T cells towards the IL-4-expressing TH17 phenotype via up-regulation of IL23R. Therapeutically, inactivating PGE2 signaling with celecoxib at a time when CD4lowHLA-G+ T cells appeared, but not immediately following androgen deprivation, dramatically suppressed the onset of CRPC. Collectively, our results indicate that an unusual population of CD4lowHLA-G+ T cells is essential for the development of CRPC and point to a new therapeutic avenue of combining ADT with PGE2 inhibition for the treatment of prostate cancer.

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乐备实是国内专注于提供高质量蛋白检测以及组学分析服务的实验服务专家，自2018年成立以来，乐备实不断寻求突破，公司的服务技术平台已扩展到单细胞测序、空间多组学、流式检测、超敏电化学发光、Luminex多因子检测、抗体芯片、PCR Array、ELISA、Elispot、PLA蛋白互作、多色免疫组化、DSP空间多组学等30多个，建立起了一套涵盖基因、蛋白、细胞以及组织水平实验的完整检测体系。

 
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