Objective: Stem cell transplantation is a promising strategy with great potential to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). Nevertheless, improving the cell delivery route and optimising implanted cells are necessary to increase the therapeutic effect. Herein, we investigated whether intranasal delivery of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) has beneficial effects in a PD mouse model and whether the therapeutic potential of BMSCs could be enhanced by preconditioning with fasudil. Methods: A PD mouse model was developed by intraperitoneally administering 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Mice were treated intranasally with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), BMSCs, or BMSCs preconditioned with fasudil. One month later, the effects of BMSC treatment were analysed. Results: Our study showed that fasudil could accelerate the proliferation of BMSCs and promote brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) secretion in vitro. Intranasally administered BMSCs were capable of surviving and migrating in the brain. Intranasal delivery of BMSCs preconditioned with fasudil significantly improved motor function and reduced dopaminergic neuron loss in substantia nigra; treatment with BMSCs and PBS resulted in similar outcomes. Preconditioning with fasudil inhibited the activation and aggregation of microglia, suppressed immune response, and reinforced BDNF secretion in MPTP-PD mice significantly more than treatment with BMSCs alone. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that intranasally administering BMSCs preconditioned with fasudil is a promising cell-based therapy for PD.Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; bone marrow stromal cells; fasudil; intranasal delivery.

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