(1) Background: Patients with Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) may have coexisting cataracts and, therefore, may require a cataract surgery, which poses challenges due to potential endothelial cell damage. FECD is a degenerative eye disease of unclear etiology, with inflammatory cytokines maybe playing an important role in its development and progression. The present study aimed to investigate the cytokine profile in the aqueous humor of FECD eyes with cataract. (2) Methods: Fifty-two patients were included in the study, 26 with FECD + cataract and 26 with cataract as a control group. Samples of the aqueous humor were analyzed for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines using a Bio-Plex 200 system. (3) Results: Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and interleukin IL-8 levels were significantly higher in the aqueous humor of FECD + cataract patients compared to the control/cataract group. Moreover, the levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10 showed a strong trend to be higher in the FECD + cataract group compared to the control group. In contrast, there were no statistically significant differences in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, and tumor necrosis factor TNF-α between the groups. (4) Conclusions: Presented research contributes to a better understanding of FECD pathogenesis. Elevated levels of IL-1Ra and IL-8 may serve as a defense mechanism in people with FECD and coexisting cataract.
Keywords:Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy; IL-1Ra; anti-inflammatory cytokines; cataract; inflammatory cytokines.

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